Generatefnisforusers Error 2001

As I mentioned in my last post, I am going to dive deep into ASP.NET web development. I have watched several video tutorials including Introduction to ASP.NET MVC by Christopher Harrison and Jon Galloway and Implementing Entity Framework with MVC.

One thing that I really like about ASP.NET so far is that Visual Studio is able to generate code for me which I would have to write repeatedly by myself. A feature called Scaffolding creates a Controller and several Views on basis of a model.

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How does this feature work and how can we tell Visual Studio to generate the desired code for us? I’m going to tell you about it in this post.

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Furthermore, I have come across some common errors that stopped me from generating the desired code. I also want to help anyone struggling with this feature to be successful.

How do I use scaffolding in an ASP.NET MVC application?

There are two prerequisites that we need to provide:

1. We need a model class which acts as the basis for code generation
2. We need EntityFramework installed in our project
3. We need a DbContext class

First of all, you need to create a model class. A model represents the data in the MVC (model, view, controller) pattern. In this post, I am going to use a Person model implemented like this:

PersonModel.cs

After creating your model, we need to implement a DbContext class for our project. In this case, I made it simple, because the DbContext is not the main topic of this article:

When both our model and our data context classes are implemented, we can go to the Solution Explorer and open the context menu on the Controllers folder of our solution:

On the next screen, we can choose what we want to generate. We select the MVC 5 Controller with views, using Entity Framework option:

Finally, we arrive at the Add Controller dialog where we can fill in the model class and the data context class we implemented before. Make sure to select a model and a data context class. Otherwise, the Add button of the dialog won’t be enabled and you cannot click it.

Visual Studio starts scaffolding when we click on the Add button and may successfully generate the code for our Controller and Views.

If there is a problem while the process is taking place, and there are chances, jump to the last section of this post where I write about common problems that occur while scaffolding.

Generated artefacts

The generated controller contains code for creating, editing, deleting and listing Person objects. With just a simple click in the scaffolding dialog, we have a full-featured CRUD controller.

Furthermore, Visual Studio generated the corresponding View to our Controller. There are the following Razor syntax views generated: Create.cshtml, Delete.cshtml, Details.cshtml, Edit.cshtml, Index.cshtml.

Just to show what a generated View looks like I show a screenshot of the Create.cshtml here:

Source code

You can find the complete ASP.NET MVC project for download here. It contains all the code shown above and runs after downloading the required packages from NuGet.

Common problems

The Add button in the Add Controller dialog remains disabled

The dialog does not communicate what the required fields are. We have to fill in a model class and a data context class. If we don’t provide one of those values, the Add button won’t be enabled.

Error: There was an error running the selected code generator: Try rebuilding the project

If we get the following error message, we are told the rebuild the project. This is odd because when we open up the dialog again, we have to fill in all the fields again. So make sure you always build your project before you try to scaffold your model into Views and Controllers.

Error: EntityType ‘PersonModel’ has no key defined. Define the key for this EntityType.

Another common error is the following:

When we face this error, it means that we don’t provide an “ID” column for our model. In the example above, I named my key field “PersonID”. If I want to do so, I have to add the KeyAttribute to the property to tell the system that this property should be the key field of the model.

Conclusion

Scaffolding is a powerful concept provided by Visual Studio which speeds up development and helps following design guidelines at the same time. I have used it since I started developing for ASP.NET MVC 5 and it helps me a lot.

At least with Visual Studio 2013 Update 4, there are a few things which could be improved. Anyway, I recommend trying it and see if it helps.

5 Finding and Fixing Runtime Errors

Whenever Reactis for C is simulating C code in Simulator or generating tests in Tester, it is also performing a multitude of checks for runtime errors. The result is a powerful tool to find, diagnose, and fix a variety of runtime errors in your C code. The runtime errors detected by Reactis for C include:

• Overflow Numeric calculations which produce a result too large to represent.
• Divide by Zero Dividing a numeric value by zero.
• Invalid Shift Shifting an integer value by an amount which produces an undefined result according to the C standard.
• Memory Errors Accessing an invalid memory region in a way which produces an undefined result, such as accessing an array outside its bounds or accessing heap-allocated memory after the memory has been freed.
• Uninitialized Data Access Accessing memory before the memory has been initialized, so that the result of the access is undefined under C semantics.

In a typical C environment, most of the above errors do not stop program execution, but instead produce an unintended result. This result is then used for subsequent program calculations and may not result in an observable program malfunction (such as an incorrect output) until much later, making the source of the error difficult to track down. In Reactis for C, all of these errors can be immediately detected, allowing the source of the error to be quickly determined. Furthermore, the inputs which lead to the error are recorded, allowing the execution sequence to be replayed up to the point where the error occurs, making it easy to observe prior calculations which could be the ultimate root cause of the runtime error.

Figure 8 shows what happens when an integer overflow occurs in a C program. In this case, the program uses 16-bit arithmetic to calculate 1000². The program compiles without any errors and, when executed, generates output and terminates normally. However, instead of the expected value of one million, the value output is 16960. This is because when integer calculation results are too large to fit in the container type, the result is truncated by the most significant bits which do not fit. The result is a value which wraps around from a very large value to a much smaller value or vice-versa. Reactis for C can be configured to immediately interrupt program execution whenever wrapping would occur, making it easy to find and fix such bugs.

5.1 Memory Errors

Memory errors are particularly easy to make in C and can be very hard to debug. Reactis for C automatically detects memory errors. A memory error occurs whenever a program reads-from or writes-to an invalid address. Memory errors are particularly common in C programs because the C programming language gives the programmer direct access to the program’s memory, which can boost performance but also allows software defects to access arbitrary memory locations. Typical memory errors include out-of-bounds array indexes, buffer overruns, dangling heap pointers (accessing a region of heap-allocated memory after the memory has been freed), dangling stack pointers (accessing a pointer to a local variable of a function after the function has returned) and the use of pointers cast from incorrect numeric values.

Memory errors can be very difficult to debug using a traditional debugger because there is often a long delay between the point where the memory error occurs and the point where the program crashes or produces an invalid output. With Reactis for C, memory errors are detected immediately as they occur, allowing the cause of the error to be quickly identified and fixed.

A function containing a typical memory error vulnerability is shown in Figure 9. The function copy_dbuf copies values of type double from one array to another until a negative value is encountered. If the number of positive values in src exceeds the length of dst, then the memory after dst will be overwritten. In a typical C environment, this type of error does not result in an immediate error. Instead, the values stored after the array pointed-to by dst are overwritten. The corrupted values do not have any harmful effects on the program behavior until they are used in a subsequent calculation. Hence, there is a significant gap between the point in the program execution where the error actually occurs and the point where the error produces an observable effect. This gap in time makes the diagnosis of memory errors very difficult.

In Reactis for C, memory errors are detected immediately (either when running a program in Reactis Simulator or generating tests). When the function copy_dbuf() from Figure 9 is called and the size of the dst buffer is smaller than the src buffer, an error occurs at the point where the first write beyond the bounds of src occurs. Program execution is suspended and an error dialog appears, as shown in Figure 10. When the highlight button in the error dialog is clicked, the source line where there error occurred flashes yellow, as shown in Figure 11.

A typical memory error summary and description is shown in Figure 12. (Note that for the sake of brevity, the stack trace which appears after the description text has been omitted.) The error message includes the source location of the error, the kind of error, the memory address that was being accessed at the time of the error, the allowed numeric access range and the allowed symbolic access range. The latter is particularly helpful in many cases because, when a variable is accessed via pointer, the symbolic information will include the name and source code location of the variable pointed-to. In a traditional debugger, only the numeric address contained within the pointer is available, and this address no longer corresponds to the original target of the pointer. This is one of the factors which makes memory error diagnosis difficult. In Reactis for C, the target of the pointer is immediately available. In this case the variable is buf2.

Memory errors can be divided into two categories, temporal and spatial. Spatial memory errors are cases where an address access occurs outside the bounds of the intended target. Temporal memory errors occur when memory is accessed after it has been recycled, so that the intended target may have been overwritten with new data.

Spatial memory errors include the following:

Invalid array index

Accessing A[i] when i is outside the bounds of A.

Buffer overrun

Accessing *p when the value of p has been incremented to point past the end of its target.

Invalid pointer

Accessing *p when p has been overwritten with a non-pointer value (this can happen when using a union construct).

A temporal memory error occurs when a pointer is used to access heap or stack memory which has been deallocated or reallocated for some other purpose. Temporal errors can be divided into 2 categories:

Heap error

Accessing *p when p points to a chunk of heap-allocated memory which has been previously deallocated via the free() function.

Stack error

Accessing *p when p points to a local variable of a function f() after f() has returned.

Temporal memory errors are usually more complex than spatial memory errors and are hence also more difficult to diagnose and fix.

Figure 13 shows a function which reads from heap memory after the memory has been freed. This function will compile and run without any obvious error in almost any C execution platform. However, the value returned may not be 25. This type of execution error leads to insidiously intermittent malfunctions which can be a nightmare diagnose.

Fortunately, Reactis for C detects temporal memory errors and interrupts program execution at the point where the invalid memory access occurs. Figure 14 shows the result of executing read_after_free() in Reactis Simulator. The memory error is immediately caught and its location (the assignment x = *p) is highlighted.

5.2 Uninitialized Memory

Another class of error which is also difficult to debug in C programs is reading from uninitialized memory. There are two ways uninitialized memory reads can occur in a C program:

Uninitialized heap memory

Heap memory is allocated via malloc() and some of this memory is not initialized before it is read.

Uninitialized local variable

A local variable of a function is not initialized before it is read.

In both cases, whatever value happens to be stored in the allocated memory is used. As is the case with other memory errors, there is often a delay between the point where the uninitialized memory read occurs and the point where observable erroneous behavior occurs. An example of this is the function sum() in Figure 15.

In the body of function sum() the summation variable x is not initialized. This code will compile and execute on almost any C platform. The value returned by sum() will be equal to the sum of the first n values stored in A plus whatever value happens to be stored in the memory allocated for variable x when sum() is called.

When using Reactis for C, uninitialized memory reads trigger an immediate suspension of program execution and an error message that gives the location where the error occurred and the program variables involved. Figure 16 shows the result of executing the function sum() with Reactis for C.

Generatefnisforusers Error 2001 Download

Generatefnisforusers Error 2001 Nissan

Spatial memory errors, temporal memory errors and uninitialized memory reads often have subtly corrupting effects on program execution. These errors essentially inject random data into the program, causing the program to intermittently malfunction. It is also common for memory errors to only occur in rare circumstances, such as when a very large buffer size is requested or a complex boolean expression becomes true. A major strength of Reactis for C is its ability to immediately catch memory errors as they occur and to generate test inputs which are likely to trigger memory errors.